Boeing releases a statement on 737 MAX certification
Boeing has completed development of the updated software for the 737 MAX, along with associated simulator testing and the company’s engineering test flight.
Air Transport
in Air Transport / Features Air Burkina eyes regional expansion
Posted 16 May 2019
Ouagadougou-based Air Burkina has just completed a fleet upgrade and is preparing to strengthen its network as the government begins to study options for re-privatising the airline. Victoria Moores reports.
in Air Transport Boom Supersonic and Dassault Systèmes partner for ‘history’s fastest commercial airliner’
Posted 15 May 2019
Dassault Systèmes has announced that Boom Supersonic is deploying the 3DEXPERIENCE platform to accelerate the design and development of Overture, its Mach-2.2 commercial
in Air Transport Climate action in aviation an inspiring challenge
Posted 14 May 2019
The aviation industry should be inspired by its role in the fight against climate change, according to one of its sustainability leaders according to Michael Gill, the executive director of the cross-industry Air Transport Action Group
in Air Transport Cabo Verde Airlines celebrates the arrival of the first aircraft in new livery
Posted 13 May 2019
Cabo Verde Airlines has received the "Praia de Santa Maria" - the airline's first aircraft with a newly designed livery.
in Air Transport African airlines see 2.1% rise in demand for passenger travel in March
Posted 8 May 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) announced global passenger traffic results for March 2019 showing that demand (measured in revenue passenger kilometers, or RPKs) rose 3.1%, compared to the
in Air Transport / Features Third time lucky?
Posted 7 May 2019
Senegal is once again spreading its wings with an ambitious new flag-carrier. Martin Rivers talked to the architects of the airline's business plan, Philippe Bohn and Jerome Maillet.
in Air Transport Boeing issue new statement on AOA disagree alert
Posted 7 May 2019
Boeing has released a new statement on the AOA disagree alert.
in Air Transport Rwanda and Qatar develop closer aviation ties with bilateral agreement
Posted 30 April 2019
Qatar and Rwanda have signed four bilateral agreements with aviation at the heart of the discussions.
in Air Transport Boeing releases statement on 737 MAX disagree alert
Posted 30 April 2019
Boeing has released a statement regarding various news stories circulating on the disagree alert on the 737 MAX.
in Air Transport FSF urges world regulators to recommit to collaborative approach in certification decisions
Posted 30 April 2019
After the tragic Lion Air and Ethiopian Airlines accidents and the fragmented approach in grounding the Boeing 737 MAX, regulators from around the world are gathering for a special
in Air Transport Celebrations for Air Mauritius' first Trent 7000 powered Airbus A330neo
Posted 29 April 2019
Last week, Rolls-Royce joined Airbus and aircraft lease company, ALC at a gala dinner in Toulouse, to celebrate the delivery of Air Mauritius’ first Trent 7000 powered Airbus A330neo, scheduled to arrive in
in Air Transport IATA and ACAO sign MoU to advance aviation in MENA
Posted 24 April 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) and The Arab Civil Aviation Organization (ACAO) have signed an MoU to deepen their cooperation to advance the safe, efficient and sustainable development of air transport in the
in Air Transport EgyptAir takes delivery of second B787-9 Dreamliner
Posted 18 April 2019
EgyptAir’s second B787-9 Dreamliner has arrived today at Cairo International Airport. The aircraft is slated to operate flights from Cairo to Frankfurt by April 22nd.
in Air Transport Africa's aviation sector forecast to grow 5% per annum over next 20 years
Posted 17 April 2019
Africa’s vast aviation potential as the continent continues to increase airline frequency to the GCC will be explored at the Inaugural CONNECT Middle East, India and Africa – co-located with Arabian Travel
in Air Transport Bombardier celebrates delivery of first CRJ900 aircraft to Uganda Airlines
Posted 17 April 2019
Bombardier Commercial Aircraft is celebrating the delivery of the first two of four CRJ900 aircraft ordered by Uganda National Airlines Company in July 2018.
in Air Transport Emirates announces an interline agreement with Africa World Airlines
Posted 16 April 2019
Emirates and Africa World Airlines (AWA), the Ghanaian airline headquartered in Accra, have announced a one-way interline agreement whereby Emirates customers can connect onto selected routes of Africa World
in Air Transport Embraer E195-E2 granted certification by ANAC, FAA and EASA
Posted 16 April 2019
Embraer has received the Type Certificate for the E195-E2 from three regulatory authorities: ANAC, the Brazilian Civil Aviation Agency (Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil); the FAA (U.S. Federal
in Air Transport Boeing announces new supply chain agreements
Posted 11 April 2019
Boeing is expanding its total lifecycle support offerings by managing the entire end-to-end process of its Used Serviceable Material (USM) business.
in Air Transport African airlines experience 2.5% rise in traffic for February
Posted 9 April 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) announced global passenger traffic results for February 2019 showing total revenue passenger kilometers (RPKs) rose 5.3%, compared to February 2018.
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines releases statement on the preliminary report of flight ET 302
Posted 8 April 2019
Ethiopian Airlines Aviation Group (EAAG) has acknowledged the preliminary report of the accident of ET 302/10 March, 2019.
in Air Transport Uganda Airlines firms order for two A330neo
Posted 8 April 2019
Uganda Airlines, the national carrier of Uganda, has firmed up its order for two A330-800s, the latest version of the A330 widebody airliner.
in Air Transport Boeing statement on the 737Max situation
Posted 6 April 2019
Boeing has issued a statement regarding the future of the 737Max programme following the preliminary report following last month's crash of the Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302.
in Air Transport Ethiopian pilots praised after details of ET302 preliminary crash report revealed
Posted 4 April 2019
Ethiopian Airlines CEO, Tewolde GabreMariam paid tribute to the pilots of flight ET302, the 737 Max8 aircraft, that crashed close to Bole Airport last month.
in Air Transport Air Peace selects the E195-E2 and becomes first E2 operator in Africa
Posted 3 April 2019
Embraer has signed a firm order for 10 E195-E2 jets with Air Peace, Nigeria’s largest airline.
in Air Transport Emirates celebrates the spirit of Africa with latest brand campaign
Posted 29 March 2019
Emirates has launched a pan-African brand advertising campaign that celebrates the talent and achievements of young Africans, taking the message of ‘New Africa’ to the world.
in Air Transport EgyptAir takes delivery of its first 787-9 Dreamliner
Posted 28 March 2019
EgyptAir’s B787-9 Dreamliner arrived today at Cairo International Airport.
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines refutes misleading reporting March 26 -2019
Posted 27 March 2019
Ethiopian Airlines has issued a statement strongly refuting recent reports stating that Ethiopian GCEO expected the preliminary release of a report into the March 10 crash of its Boeing 737-8 MAX "maybe this week or
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines CEO issues statement
Posted 25 March 2019
Ethiopian Airlines CEO, Tewolde GebreMariam, has released a statement after the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302.
in Air Transport INTRO Aviation partners Corsair for future growth
Posted 22 March 2019
Convinced of the growth and development potential of the French long-haul airline Corsair, INTRO Aviation, the German private aviation company, has decided to become the main shareholder, alongside TUI group. The announcement was
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines refutes ‘wrong reporting’
Posted 22 March 2019
Ethiopian Airlines has confirmed that Ethiopian pilots have completed the Boeing recommended and FAA approved differences training from the B-737 NG aircraft to the B-737 MAX aircraft before the phase in of the B-737-800 MAX fleet to the
in Air Transport / Features Africa joins the Nexus jet set
Posted 21 March 2019
Saudi Arabian-based Nexus is rapidly gaining a reputation throughout Africa for service excellence. Now, as Alan Dron reports, it is being courted by a number of different countries on the continent.
in Air Transport Boeing CEO releases a statement on ‘safety’
Posted 19 March 2019
Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg has released a message to airlines, passengers and the aviation community following the recent losses of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 and Lion Air Flight 610.
in Air Transport Boeing CEO issues statement on Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 accident investigation
Posted 18 March 2019
Boeing Chairman, President and CEO Dennis Muilenburg has issued a statement regarding the report from Ethiopian Transport Minister Dagmawit Moges.
in Air Transport / Features Uganda flies the flag again
Posted 18 March 2019
Uganda is rejoining the club of countries with national airlines as it seeks to recapture some of the revenue currently being taken by foreign carriers. Alan Dron reports.
in Air Transport Boeing 737 MAX 8 grounding could impact on international e-commerce and parcels
Posted 18 March 2019
The grounding of the world’s entire Boeing 737 Max 8 fleet could mean delays to overseas freight, warns the international delivery expert ParcelHero.
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines flight ET 302 flight recorder sent to Paris for investigation
Posted 14 March 2019
An Ethiopian delegation led by Accident Investigation Bureau (AIB) has flown the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) to Paris, France for investigation.
in Air Transport / Features How to unleash the power of Africa through aerospace
Posted 14 March 2019
Africa has still not realised the full benefits of aviation, according to a panel of industry experts. Alan Dron finds out more at the launch of a new report setting out the sector’s potential to drive the continent’s economic and social
in Air Transport Boeing releases statement on 737 MAX operations
Posted 13 March 2019
Boeing has issued a statement on the operations of its 737 MAX aircraft.
in Air Transport / Features Ocean partnership on crest of the waves
Posted 12 March 2019
French airline, Air Austral, and local carrier, Air Madagascar, are continuing with their transformation plans – formalised in November 2017 – that are designed to develop their strategic partnership.
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines grounds all B-737-8 MAX fleet as Black Box is found
Posted 11 March 2019
Ethiopian Airlines has announced it has decided to ground all its B-737-8 MAX fleet.
in Air Transport Ethiopian Airlines flight ET 302 from Addis Ababa to Nairobi crashes
Posted 10 March 2019
Ethiopian Airlines has confirmed that its flight ET 302/10 from Addis Ababa to Nairobi was involved in an accident today around Bishoftu (Debre Zeit).
in Air Transport Air Senegal first African carrier to take delivery of A330neo
Posted 9 March 2019
Air Senegal has taken delivery of its first A330-900 from Airbus’ production line in Toulouse.
in Air Transport African airlines saw January traffic rise 5.1%, up from 3.8% in December
Posted 7 March 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) announced global passenger traffic results for January 2019 showing traffic (revenue passenger kilometers or RPKs) rose 6.5% compared to January 2018.
in Air Transport / Features Give Peace a chance
Posted 4 March 2019
Against an unfriendly operating environment, characterised by multiple airport charges, tough competition and aggravating aero-politics, four-year-old Air Peace remains Nigeria’s fastest growing airline. Chukwu Emeke found out more from Air Peace chairman, Allen
in Air Transport IATA: Cooperation key to keeping aviation secure
Posted 28 February 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) called on industry and governments to work together more closely to keep aviation secure in the face of evolving security threats and the forecast doubling of passenger demand to reach
in Air Transport / Features Figuring out the reasons for Africa's weight loss
Posted 27 February 2019
Media reports of sharp contractions in Africa’s air cargo market are not all they seem, reports Alan Dron.
in Air Transport This is the first delivery by Elix to Safarilink
Posted 27 February 2019
Elix Aviation Capital (ELIX) has confirmed that it has delivered one Bombardier Dash 8 Q200 on lease to Safarilink of Kenya.
in Air Transport Boeing-Embraer partnership receives shareholder approval
Posted 26 February 2019
The proposed strategic partnership between Boeing and Embraer was approved today by Embraer's shareholders during a General Shareholders' Meeting held at the company's headquarters in Brazil.
in Air Transport / Defence / Business Aviation / General Aviation / Technology / Events Airbus showcases full spectrum of product and services at Aviation Africa
Posted 26 February 2019
From commercial aircraft and helicopters to unmanned aerial systems and satellite imaging, Airbus is showcasing the full spectrum of its business, products and services in Africa at this year’s Aviation
in Air Transport AirBridgeCargo Airlines adds Dhaka to its international network
Posted 25 February 2019
AirBridgeCargo Airlines is ramping up its footprint in Asia with the introduction of Dhaka to its international network.
in Air Transport IATA releases 2018 Airline safety performance showing progress in Africa
Posted 21 February 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) released data for the 2018 safety performance of the commercial airline industry showing continuing safety improvements over the long term, but an
in Air Transport / Features The big issues with being small...
Posted 20 February 2019
One of the small private airlines in Ethiopia, National Airways, is transforming itself from a charter flight operator to a scheduled flight service provider. Kaleyesus Bekele reports.
in Air Transport Boeing to optimise crew operations for Royal Air Maroc
Posted 12 February 2019
This agreement is the first of its kind between Boeing and an African airline.
in Air Transport / Features The Phax of life
Posted 11 February 2019
Tunisian businessman and politician Mohamed Frikha tells Martin Rivers why he is bringing Syphax Airlines back from the dead.
in Air Transport / Technology / Aircraft Interiors Air Senegal first in Africa to sign for SITAONAIR’s IFC
Posted 11 February 2019
Air Senegal has selected SITAONAIR to deploy its high-speed inflight connectivity (IFC) on its new-generation A330neo fleet – making Air Senegal the first airline on the African continent to activate Inmarsat's GX Aviation
in Air Transport Attempted hijack on Sudan Airways flight to Cairo
Posted 7 February 2019
Sudan Airways flight 103 was en route from Cairo, Egypt to Khartoum, Sudan, on February 4 when a passenger attempted to enter the flight deck with the aim of hijacking the flight.
in Air Transport African airlines saw 2018 traffic rise 6.5% compared to 2017
Posted 7 February 2019
Transport Association (IATA) announced global passenger traffic results for 2018 showing that demand (revenue passenger kilometers or RPKs) rose by a healthy 6.5% compared to full-year 2017.
in Air Transport Bombardier Commercial Aircraft officially launches the new CRJ550 aircraft,
Posted 6 February 2019
Bombardier Commercial Aircraft has officially launched the new CRJ550 aircraft, the first triple-class 50-seat aircraft in the world.
in Air Transport Boeing partners with Aerion to accelerate supersonic travel
Posted 5 February 2019
Boeing has announced a partnership with Aerion, a Reno, Nevada-based company pioneering next-generation supersonic aircraft. As part of the agreement, Boeing made a significant investment in Aerion to accelerate
in Air Transport Emirates forges codeshare with China Southern Airlines that will further connect Africa
Posted 4 February 2019
Emirates and China Southern Airlines have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to progress a comprehensive reciprocal codeshare agreement, which is set to open up new destinations for
in Air Transport / Features Makolo connects her magic Rwanda
Posted 1 February 2019
Yvonne Manzi Makolo was appointed CEO of RwandAir in April 2018. With no prior experience of the aviation industry, she has risen to the challenge and – less than a year in – she speaks to Victoria Moores with all the authority and passion of an industry veteran.
in Air Transport Air Senegal’s first A330neo arrives in Dakar ahead of delivery
Posted 1 February 2019
Air Senegal’s first A330neo has touched down at Blaise-Diagne International Airport in Dakar. The A330neo, painted in the livery of Air Senegal and named “Casamance”, was presented during a ceremony attended by His
in Air Transport CemAir loses bid to overturn decision to ground its operations
Posted 29 January 2019
South Africa’s domestic airline CemAir has lost its application bid with the Johannesburg High Court to overturn a decision grounding its operations.
in Air Transport EASA certifies A330neo for “beyond 180 minutes” ETOPS
Posted 28 January 2019
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has approved the A330-900 for ETOPS (Extended-range Twin engine aircraft Operations) ‘beyond 180 minutes’ diversion time.
in Air Transport Ethiopian to restructure its entire U.S. network
Posted 28 January 2019
Ethiopian Airlines will re-structure its U.S. network, opening new destination, adding frequencies and shifting gateways as of the summer of 2019.
in Air Transport Skyworld Aviation facilitates the sale of an ERJ 170
Posted 28 January 2019
Skyworld Aviation has assisted in the sale of an ERJ 170 and associated spares to new operator of the type Air Botswana.
in Air Transport Royal Air Maroc and Gulf Air sign SPA agreement
Posted 22 January 2019
Gulf Air and Royal Air Maroc recently signed a Special Prorate Agreement (SPA) effective from 22 January 2019.
in Air Transport Proflight Zambia suspends services of larger aircraft to Kasama
Posted 10 January 2019
Proflight Zambia has suspended services of a larger aircraft on the Lusaka-Kasama route pending the completion of upgrades to the gravel runway at Kasama airport, reports ch-aviation.
in Air Transport African airlines experienced a 5.7% rise in demand in November
Posted 10 January 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) announced healthy but moderating global passenger traffic results for November 2018.
in Air Transport African carriers saw freight demand decrease by 7.8% in November
Posted 9 January 2019
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) released data for global air freight markets showing that demand, measured in freight tonne kilometers (FTKs), was flat (0%) in November 2018, compared to the same
in Air Transport Kenya Airways, Air Madagascar, and Air Austral in partnership
Posted 8 January 2019
Kenya Airways, Air Madagascar, and Air Austral have signed a Privileged Partnership Agreement (PPA) which aims to strengthen the hubs of Nairobi Jomo Kenyatta, Antananarivo, and St. Denis de la Réunion by boosting
in Air Transport Rolls-Royce to build all-electric aircraft
Posted 8 January 2019
Rolls-Royce has taken on the challenge to build the world’s fastest all-electric aircraft.
in Air Transport ATR and Avation confirm order for eight ATR 72-600s
Posted 3 January 2019
Avation PLC, a commercial passenger aircraft leasing company, and ATR have confirmed Avation has entered into an options exercise to acquire a further eight new ATR 72-600 aircraft for scheduled deliveries between 2020 and 2022.
in Air Transport Aviation Safety Network reports increase in fatal air accidents
Posted 2 January 2019
The Aviation Safety Network (ASN), the Dutch-based exclusive service of the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) has released its 2018 airliner accident statistics showing a total of 15 fatal airliner accidents, resulting
in Air Transport EWA Air renews its fleet with two ATR 72-600s
Posted 30 December 2018
EWA Air has approved the purchase of two ATR 72-600s at the aircraft manufacturer's headquarters in Toulouse.
in Air Transport A319neo with CFM LEAP-1A engines wins type Certification from FAA and EASA
Posted 27 December 2018
The A319neo powered by CFM International LEAP-1A engines has achieved joint Type Certification from both the US FAA and European EASA airworthiness authorities. This means that now all three aircraft
in Air Transport Boeing delivers first 737 MAX to Royal Air Maroc
Posted 24 December 2018
Boeing has delivered the first 737 MAX for Royal Air Maroc, which plans to use the fuel-efficient, longer-range version of the popular 737 jet to expand and modernize its fleet.
in Air Transport Green Africa Airways commit to 100 737 MAX aircraft
Posted 21 December 2018
Lagos-based Green Africa Airways has announced a commitment for up to 100 737 MAX 8 aircraft, evenly split into 50 firm aircraft and 50 options, as the airline gears up to begin commercial operations.
in Air Transport Air Tanzania becomes first African-based A220 operator
Posted 21 December 2018
Air Tanzania as become the first African carrier to take delivery of the Airbus A220 aircraft, the newest addition to the Airbus family of commercial aircraft. Air Tanzania (The Wings of the Kilimanjaro) also becomes the latest
in Air Transport SAA and Emirates expand commercial relationship
Posted 19 December 2018
South African Airways (SAA), and Emirates and are expanding their commercial relationship with enhancements to a codeshare agreement, opening up new destinations for both SAA and Emirates customers.
in Air Transport / Flight Services & Support IATA launches platform for airlines to share turbulence data
Posted 13 December 2018
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) launched its Turbulence Aware data resource to help airlines avoid turbulence when planning routes tactically in flight.
in Air Transport / Features It's time for some joining-up thinking
Posted 11 December 2018
Rolls-Royce’s senior market analyst for Middle East & Africa, Taieb Ben Sghaier, outlines the potential for the civil aviation sector across the African continent.
in Air Transport Precision Air flight in bird strike
Posted 11 December 2018
Precision Air has confirmed that its flight PW 722 from Nairobi via Kilimanjaro to Mwanza operated by one of its ATR- 72 aircraft was involved in a bird strike yesterday as it was making the final approach and landing at Mwanza Airport.
in Air Transport / Events / ATM & Regulatory ICAO Council President calls for harmonised air services
Posted 10 December 2018
The President of the ICAO Council, Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, strongly encouraged regulators to liberalise and harmonise air services at the Eleventh ICAO Air Services Negotiation Event in Nairobi today, where he delivered the
in Air Transport / Features Air Algérie starts to punch its weight again
Posted 10 December 2018
Faced with the opening up of air freight to national private operators as part of the government’s new economic orientation, Air Algérie has taken measures to adapt to the new environment. Anuradha Deenapanray and Vincent Chappard
in Air Transport African carriers saw freight demand decrease by 4.2% in October
Posted 6 December 2018
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) released data for global air freight markets showing that demand, measured in freight tonne kilometers (FTKs), rose 3.1% in October 2018, compared to the same period
in Air Transport / Features How Dana sowed the seeds of recovery
Posted 6 December 2018
In Nigeria, an airline that suffers a crash invariably collapses. Dana Air’s chief operating officer explains to Alan Dron how the company’s qualities have allowed it to buck that trend.
in Air Transport Royal Air Maroc to join oneworld
Posted 6 December 2018
Royal Air Maroc is to join oneworld. Its election as a oneworld member designate was announced as the chief executives of the alliance’s 13 current member airlines gathered in New York for their year-end Governing Board meeting, just weeks before the
in Air Transport / Events Ethiopian wins AABLA Company of the Year
Posted 5 December 2018
Ethiopian Airlines was recently crowned Company of the Year by All Africa Business Leaders Award (AABLA) on 29 November 2018 in Sandton, Johannesburg.
in Air Transport / Features Nouvelair gets personal
Posted 3 December 2018
Nouvelair, a Tunisian private company operating charter and scheduled flights, will celebrate its 30th anniversary in 2019. Deputy general manager, Chokri Zarrad, shared his ambition for the company with Vincent Chappard.
in Air Transport / Features Pereira wrestles with TAAG team troubles
Posted 29 November 2018
Despite the Angolan Government disbanding a consortium that planned to set up a feeder airline for national carrier TAAG, one of the main movers behind it believes that the project will still go ahead. Alan Dron reports.
in Air Transport Royal Air Maroc orders additional ATR 72-600
Posted 27 November 2018
Royal Air Maroc, is adding an additional ATR 72-600 to its fleet. This will bring its total ATR 72-600 fleet to six aircraft.
in Air Transport / Features Pilgrims and progress…
Posted 27 November 2018
Nigeria-based Med-View Airline is a scheduled passenger airline that has succeeded –despite numerous survival challenges over the years – largely as a result of its involvement in the airlifting of pilgrims. Chukwu Emeke reports.
in Air Transport TAP's A330neo milestone is good news for four African airlines
Posted 26 November 2018
Four African airlines are high on the delivery list for Airbus’ latest aircraft – the A330neo – and today the first of the new generation widebody was delivered to Portugal’s national carrier, TAP.
in Air Transport Safety, competitiveness, infrastructure key to aviation’s benefits in Africa
Posted 26 November 2018
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) urged governments in Africa to maximise the positive social and economic power of aviation by working together to promote safe, sustainable and
in Air Transport / Features The fast track to survival...
Posted 23 November 2018
Just weeks ago, African low-cost carrier, Fastjet, was teetering on the brink of collapse. But a cash infusion and improved operational indicators are giving CEO, Nico Bezuidenhout, cause for cautious optimism. Alan Dron reports.
in Air Transport First Boeing 777X flight test aircraft comes together
Posted 22 November 2018
Boeing has brought together the major fuselage sections to form the first 777X aircraft that will take to the skies in 2019.
in Air Transport / Features Why you can now buy Ethiopian off the shelf
Posted 21 November 2018
Africa’s most profitable airline has been put up for partial privatisation. Kaleyesus Bekele explains.
in Air Transport ACJ320neo takes to the skies for the first time
Posted 19 November 2018
The first ACJ320neo successfully completed a two hour and 40 minute first flight from Hamburg on November 16.
